生活在水上——漂浮城市的蓝图
Head Above the Water: Today’s Blueprints for Building Tomorrow’s Floating Cities
由专筑网胖胖鸟，小R编译
随着全球气候变化，海平面上升，约有25亿人居住在距离海岸线不足100公里的地区，面临着巨大的风险。传统的填海造地方法不仅成本高、耗能大，而且对环境造成了巨大的破坏。因此，人们开始寻找新的解决方案——水上定居点，这里不仅可以抵御海平面上升的风险，还可以为人类提供新的生活和工作空间。
荷兰的阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹和美国的西雅图等城市已经开始了水上建筑的实验。例如，鹿特丹的浮动农场是一个集奶牛养殖、水果种植和观光于一体的水上建筑。浮动农场采用了航海原理，设计了紧凑的三层结构，里面可以容纳40头奶牛。建筑的下部是沉重的结构和技术设施，上部是轻量的材料和设备。
With an estimated 2.5 billion people living within 62 miles (100 kilometers) of a coastline, rising sea levels pose a significant risk to human settlements. Traditional land reclamation methods are becoming increasingly unsustainable and environmentally damaging, thus sparking innovative solutions for water-based habitats that are both resilient as well as sustainable. The idea of a floating structure has been carried out as an architectural experiment in many instances. Especially in cities such as Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Seattle, which are in immediate contact with the water, projects such as floating homes, bridges and piers are gradually becoming the norm.
One rather unusual example is the Floating Farm Dairy in Rotterdam by Goldsmith. It is a compact triple-stacked structure housing 40 dairy cows floating in the city harbor of the M4H development zone. The floating farm is an agricultural building based on nautical principles. As a result, its functional organization and use of materials are carefully selected. All heavy structural and technical functions are situated in the submerged part of the building, while the more lightweight components are placed on top. Concrete pontoons house the production of fruits, shielding them from the rain, while translucent polycarbonate is used for the façade.
Floating Farm Dairy by Goldsmith, Rotterdam, Netherlands
我们来看看建筑浮动农场的设计。它的核心理念是模块化设计。这意味着可以根据需求随意扩展和改变建筑形状，可以让建筑物、甚至整个城市根据居民需求有机地发展。比如，在城市规划方面，模块化设计不再局限于结构和功能，而可以变成居民区、商业区，或者像浮动农场这样的工业区。与此同时，通过将绿色空间和城市农场纳入城市功能网格中，这些新型建筑可以提供新鲜果蔬，同时可以调节气温、改善空气质量。
再比如，MOS Architects事务所在加拿大设计的浮动房屋也是一样。建筑师根据标准的民间建筑模式，计划在湖边建造五栋小别墅。由于传统的建造方式会对岛屿造成很大的破坏和经济负担，因此建筑师设计了一个2,200平方英尺的钢质浮动平台，并将房屋预制在一间建筑商店内，然后拖带到湖边，最后完成相关的安装和最终细节。这些新型建筑的外墙和屋顶由一层天然的雪松围排组成，能够让房屋内保持适当的空气流动。
Reflecting upon the Floating Farm Dairy, the core principle of floating structures is modularity. This design allows for scalability and flexibility, enabling buildings, and potentially, large scale cities to grow organically based on the needs of their inhabitants. In the case of an urban planning strategy, the modules cease to be structural or functional components and are transformed in residential, commercial or in this case industrial proposals. In parallel, by integrating green spaces and urban farms within a city’s functional grid, these new structures provide fresh produce as well as help in regulating temperatures and improving air quality.
Another controversial structure is the Floating House by MOS Architects in Canada. It is part of a master plan of five proposed cabins based on the repetition of a standardized vernacular archetype. Due to the fact that a traditional on-site construction process would have been expensive and quite damaging to the island, the 2,200-square-f00t house was built on a steel pontoon structure near the lake shore. More accurately, it was assembled in a contractor’s shop and eventually towed and anchored to the site, where the final installations were carried out. The exterior cladding comprises of an inventive cedar rainscreen for the walls and roof, providing sufficient air flow within the house.
Floating House by MOS Architects, Canada
水上建筑需要使用轻质、耐用、环保的材料。例如，创新材料如木材或聚碳酸酯可以提供必要的强度同时减轻重量，而预制装配可以提高建筑的强度和可持续性。
中国成都的“天空浮岛”项目是一个浮动桥梁，连接了两个陆地，形成独特的水上空间。该项目面临了诸多挑战，如低成本、十年的使用寿命以及水位变化等。通过使用钢缆固定浮动桥梁，并设计了部分穿孔和水浸材料来解决浮力问题，最终形成了七个不同大小的浮岛，覆盖了丰富的植被，包括钓鱼、野餐和休息区。
Floating house demonstrates that using lightweight, durable, and eco-friendly materials is crucial for building on water. For example, innovations in materials science, such as timber or polycarbonate screens can provide the necessary strength while reducing weight. At the same time, off-site assemblies increase the chances of a more robust as well as zero-carbon construction process.
Finally, the project Floating Islands of Sky by unarchitecte in Chengdu, China, is a pontoon bridge that floats on the surface of the water acting as a crossing between two pieces of land. Numerous challenges such as low-cost construction, a ten-year lifecycle expectancy as well as the varying changes in water level had to be addressed. As a result, steel cables were used to secure the floating bridges to the bottom of the lake, while a series of partially perforated and water-permeable hydrophilic areas were designed in order to deal with the issue of buoyancy. The final design, consisted of seven islands in different sizes, covered in lush vegetation that included spaces for fishing as well as picnic and resting areas. The paths in-between these hexagonal artificial islands are made of planks controlled by air cushions that respond to the changing water levels.
Floating Islands of Sky by unarchitecte, Chengdu, China
这三个项目展示了水上建筑的创新设计方法和结构、环境技术，证明了水上建筑完全可行。然而，随着气候变化加剧，海平面上升，全球沿海城市面临着巨大的风险，迫使建筑师们进一步探索水上建筑的可能性。
然而，水上建筑也引发了一个道德问题：在已经造成了严重环境问题的陆地上，我们是否应该继续建造更多的建筑？亦或是在水上？或者，我们应该反思自己的行为，减少对环境的破坏，而不是试图通过水上建筑来应对挑战？
水上建筑需要更深入的研究和考虑，特别是在结构稳定性和功能性方面。水上建筑还需要解决水资源收集、食物生产和能源供应等问题。因此，水上城市是一个更加敏感的建筑场景，它不仅可以应对海平面上升的挑战，还可以扭转当前所存在的负面建筑理念。
The three projects display various innovative design methods with structural and environmental techniques that prove that floating structures are a very real possibility and not just a vision of a sci-fi future. As climate change accelerates, rising sea levels threaten coastal cities worldwide, putting millions at risk of displacement and thus urging architects to conduct further water-based building experiments. And yet, an ethical point arises, where overbuilding is what is currently causing the myriads of environmental changes happening to our planet, including the gradual flooding of coastal regions. Is it therefore the answer to resort to additional buildings — this time situated on water — in order to respond to this challenge? In other words, humans have already covered the land; wouldn’t then building on water become equally catastrophic for our future?
Contrary to soil and land, the water is much less unforgiving; it requires further study and consideration in terms of structural stability as well as what functions are truly necessary, instead of the ones that are, in fact, merely desired. Water harvesting, food production and energy are also harder to control. Consequently, “floating cities” is an architectural scenario much more sensitive to the world’s ecosystem, which not only responds to the impending crisis of rising waters but could even reverse the damage and impact of our current building philosophy.
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