老街上的红砖卫生间 Red Brick Public Toilet on Liuba Old Street Image © Yuanrong Zhang
厕所革命——如何让男女“方便”更方便？
Spatial Equity in Urban Infrastructures: Public Restrooms Addressing Women’s Needs
由专筑网Yinglin，小R编译
公共卫生间与更衣设施的设计，长期以来都以一种过于笼统的用户需求假设为基础，忽视了性别需求的复杂性，尤其是女性的独特需求。这些需求不仅仅停留在生理差异层面，例如更高的隐私隔间需求、身高与体态的差异等，还包括那些随着时间累积的、因文化背景而异的如厕使用习惯与期望。
以女性的日常穿着为例，现代女性的服装往往缺乏足够的口袋空间，因此，即便只是携带手机和钱包这样的必需品，也通常需要带上手提包。这种情况在使用公共卫生间时带来了额外的不便。尽管近年来建筑设计在尝试解决这些不平等问题，但生理、文化与性别认同等多重因素交织，形成了复杂的挑战，显然无法通过“统一化”的解决方案轻松应对。
近来的建筑项目开始注重空间公平，即在设计中细致考量如何让女性卫生间在可达性与便利性上达到与男性卫生间相同的标准。一些设计选择通过设置无性别卫生间（unisex bathrooms）和中性隔间来尽可能消解性别界限；另一些设计则更关注空间公平（即男女卫生间的占地面积相等）或设施公平（即卫生设施数量相等），试图在城市基础设施中实现一种可见且可量化的公平意义。此外，也有设计坚持保持性别特定的分区，但为女性提供更多隔间，以更好满足需求。
随着我们深入探讨这些旨在促进平等的现代卫生间设计，我们不仅需要反思它们当前的成效，还要作为用户和设计者，思考如何在城市公共设施中实现真正有意义且切实可行的性别空间公平。
The design of public bathrooms and changing facilities has historically catered to a generalized notion of user needs, often oversimplifying the complexities of gender-specific requirements and falling short of supporting the unique needs of women. These needs extend beyond biological differences—such as the necessity for more stall privacy and differences in height and body posture—to include cultural factors that influence restroom use and expectations over time.
For instance, women's contemporary clothing often lacks adequate pocket space, resulting in the need to carry a handbag, even for simple essentials like phones and wallets. Despite efforts in recent architectural designs to address these disparities, the layered nuances of biological, cultural, and gender identity factors present a multifaceted challenge that defies a one-size-fits-all solution.
Contemporary projects have shown an increased awareness of spatial equity, paying careful attention to how female restrooms can be designed to offer accessibility and convenience on par with male restrooms. Some approaches focus on complete neutrality through unisex bathrooms with gender-neutral stalls, erasing distinctions. Others emphasize spatial equity (equal floor area) or fixture equity (equal numbers of fixtures), striving for visible and quantifiable fairness in urban infrastructure. Meanwhile, some designs maintain a gender-specific approach, with increased stall availability for one gender over the other. As we explore and reflect on current bathroom designs that seek to promote equality, we shall also consider how best to achieve meaningful, practical spatial-gender equality in public facilities within urban environments as both users and designers.
重新思考无性别卫生间：统一化设计是否忽视了核心用户需求？
近年来，无性别卫生间的兴起标志着卫生间设计领域的一次重要转变，其目的在于通过设施标准化实现性别平等。然而，这种设计表面上看似公平，却往往忽略了不同性别在如厕方式上的生理与文化差异。在追求“空间公平”的名义下，通过统一化的设计与设备配置，设计师是否在某种程度上回避了真正复杂的公平挑战？要为多样化的人群实现真正的用户公平，仅仅依靠一致性显然远远不够。
无性别卫生间的确提供了更精简的设施，但这种标准化很少考虑到具体的需求，尤其是女性用户的特殊需求，例如更高的卫生要求、充足的换衣空间以及女性通常在卫生间停留时间更长的实际情况。尽管这些设计旨在创造平等，统一的隔间设置却可能无法为所有用户提供实际而周到的支持。此外，无性别卫生间还可能在不同性别用户出入隔间时造成一定的不适感，特别是无意间的尴尬互动。同时，隐私感的缺失也让用户在整理服装或调整仪容时感到不自在，无法像传统性别分区卫生间那样提供安全感与舒适度。
尽管存在这些局限性，无性别卫生间仍然为所有性别用户，超越传统的男性与女性范畴，提供了一种更安全且更具包容性的设计方式。通过将每个隔间设置为独立的私人空间，无性别卫生间重新定义了传统公共卫生间的共用区域，使洗手池和镜子等区域能够向所有人开放。这种设计方式对不断演变的性别认同表现出高度的适应性，兼顾了“生理性别”和“认同性别”的需求，同时避免了用户之间可能产生的困惑或冲突。在这一意义上，无性别卫生间将成为一项友好且可及的解决方案，能够更好地满足多样化性别表达与需求的群体，是迈向包容性公共设施的重要举措。
Rethinking Unisex Bathrooms: Are Homogeneous Designs Ignoring Essential User Needs?
A significant design shift in recent years has been the rise of unisex bathrooms, intended to promote equality by standardizing facilities for all genders. While this approach appears equitable on the surface, it often overlooks the biological and cultural differences in how different genders use bathrooms. By homogenizing bathroom spaces and fixture counts in the name of equality, are designers simply sidestepping the nuanced challenges of spatial equity? Achieving genuine user equity in perse populations requires more than uniformity.
Unisex bathrooms may offer streamlined facilities, but this standardization rarely accounts for specific needs, particularly those of women, such as hygiene requirements, adequate changing space, and the additional time required for restroom use. While intended to create equality, the shift to unisex stalls can fail to provide practical and thoughtful support for all users. Moreover, it can inadvertently create awkwardness, especially in indirect interactions between genders as they exit the stalls. The lack of privacy may also make it more difficult for inpiduals to fix their clothing or appearance, creating a less comfortable or secure environment compared to traditional gender-specific bathrooms.
Despite their limitations, unisex bathrooms offer a safer and more inclusive approach to restroom design for all genders, beyond women and men. By isolating each stall as a private boundary, they redefine the communal washroom space to be more open and welcoming, allowing the sink and mirror areas to be accessible to everyone. This approach is exceptionally accommodating for the evolving spectrum of gender identities, addressing both 'biological' and 'identified' gender considerations without creating potential confusion or conflicts among users. In this way, unisex bathrooms continue to be one of the most friendly and accessible solutions for perse gender expressions and needs.
“潜望镜”卫生间
Periscope Toilet / Hexia Architects
Image © Gushang Culture
平面图 Floorplan. Image © Hexia Architects
桥-卫生间
Bridge - Toilet / FMD
Image © Yuanrong Zhang
平面图 Floorplan. Image © FMD
平面图 - Floorplan. Image © FMD
示意图 Diagram. Image © FMD
售货亭与公共卫生间
Kiosks and Public Toilets / LANZA Atelier
Image © Camila Cossio
平面图 Floorplan. Image © LANZA Atelier
公共卫生间中的空间公平与设备公平：如何衡量女性如厕便利性的不同指标？
在公共卫生间未采用无性别设计的情况下，平等性的讨论通常围绕“空间公平”（Spatial Equity）和“设备公平”（Fixture Equity）这两种可量化的指标展开。这两种指标分别用来评估不同性别群体在公共设施中的平等获取权。空间公平指的是为不同性别分配等量的使用面积，而设备公平则强调为每个性别提供相等数量的隔间或卫生设施。
在高成本的城市地区，空间公平通常被视为最具经济效益的方案，因为每一平方英尺的空间都有其经济价值。从财政角度来看，为男性和女性卫生间分配等量的空间被认为是一种资源分配上的公平。然而，空间公平并不总能转化为其他平等指标，例如设备公平。举例来说，男性卫生间通常包含小便池，这类设施占用的空间小于隔间。因此，即便男性和女性卫生间的占地面积相同，男性卫生间内可能包含更多的卫生设备，从而导致设备数量的不平衡。
针对这一问题，有些设计选择优先考虑设备公平，即通过为男女卫生间提供相等数量的设备来解决这一不平等问题。为了弥补小便池占地小的特点，这类设计会在女性卫生间中增设更多封闭式隔间，以平衡设备的总量。然而，设备公平本身也并非完美的解决方案，因为小便池和隔间的功能不同，二者无法简单地相互替代。这种差异使得单纯依赖设备数量上的平等仍无法完全满足所有用户的需求和包容性目标。
真正成功的设计往往能够在空间公平与设备公平之间找到平衡，通过融合这两种原则，为本地需求、土地经济性以及性别比例量身定制混合型解决方案。这种综合策略不仅能够有效平衡公共卫生间的用户需求，还能在促进包容性和可达性方面取得实际成效。
Spatial vs. Fixture Equity in Restrooms: Addressing Different Metrics for Women's Bathroom Accessibility
When public restrooms are not designed as unisex, the concept of equality often centers on either spatial or fixture equity—two quantifiable metrics for assessing equal access to public facilities. Spatial equity provides an equal amount of floor area for different genders, while fixture equity ensures an equal number of stalls or fixtures for each.
Spatial equity is often considered the most financially balanced approach, particularly in high-cost urban areas where every square foot has economic value. From a financial standpoint, providing equal floor area for male and female restrooms can be viewed as a fair allocation of resources. However, spatial equity does not always equate to other equality metrics, such as fixture equity. For example, men's restrooms often incorporate urinals, which require less floor space than enclosed stalls. As a result, a bathroom with equal floor area but mixed fixtures may have more overall fixtures in the men's restroom, potentially creating an imbalance in fixture availability.
Some restroom designs prioritize fixture equity by ensuring equal fixture counts between male and female facilities, even if this requires differing floor areas. This approach compensates for the smaller footprint of urinals by adding more enclosed stalls in women's restrooms, thus balancing fixture availability. However, fixture equity alone can be insufficient for true restroom equality, as urinals and stalls serve distinct purposes, leaving open questions about their functionality and inclusivity as a fixture count.
Successful projects often navigate these nuances by addressing spatial and fixture equity in tandem, creating a balanced, hybrid approach tailored to local needs, land economics, and gender demographics. This integrated strategy strikes a thoughtful balance, accommodating perse user needs in public restrooms while supporting genuine inclusivity and accessibility.
面向花海的卫生间
Palm Toilet Facing the Sea of Flowers / Zaixing Architectural Design
Image © Xiaobin Lv
一层平面图 1st Floor Plan. Image © Zaixing Architectural Design
二层平面图 2nd Floor Plan. Image © Zaixing Architectural Design
老街上的红砖卫生间
Red Brick Public Toilet on Liuba Old Street / Shulin Architectural Design
Image © Yilong Zhao
平面图 Floorplan. Image © Shulin Architectural Design
公共卫生间
Public Toilets / Piotr Musialowski + Lukasz Przybylowicz
Image © Maciej Gasienica Giewont
平面图 Floorplan. Image © Piotr Musialowski + Lukasz Przybylowicz
Zuzhai乡村里的公共卫生间
Public Toilets in Zuzhai Village / cnS
Image © Siming Wu
平面图 Floorplan. Image © cnS
Mt Tung-Yen公共卫生间
Mt Tung-Yen Public Toilet / AMBi Studio
Image © Te-Fan Wang
平面图 Floorplan. Image © AMBi Studio
从忽视到洞察：为城市基础设施量身定制性别包容的卫生间比例
尽管具体的卫生间设计有时因未充分考虑公平需求而偏向某一性别，但更常见的情况是，这种设计选择受到特定人口结构或实际使用需求的影响。在某些场景中，业主或设计师可能会有意调整卫生间的比例，以反映实际的用户使用模式。例如，在女性占多数的购物区域中，更高比例的女性卫生设施能够更好地满足实际需求，而不是机械地遵循统一的卫生间分配原则。同样，在男性访客或员工占绝大多数的场所，更偏向男性需求的卫生间布局也可能更为合理。
一个值得关注的案例是Steamarch事务所近期对湖南街公共服务站的改造。在这一项目中，设计师认识到原有的基础设施未能充分满足当代社会对性别平衡的期待。在设计调整中，他们对空间布局和设备数量进行了优化。通过重新配置入口和周边景观等元素，以及重新分配卫生间的使用面积和设施数量，实现了男性与女性用户之间更为均衡的资源分配。这些调整不仅提升了使用便利性，还更公平地满足了两性需求。随着城市基础设施的不断发展与更新，建筑师们越来越注重在公共设施中反映这些变化。然而，即使在多方努力下，实现“真正的”卫生间性别公平仍然是一项复杂的挑战。
From Oversight to Insight: Tailoring Restroom Ratios for Gender Inclusivity in Urban Infrastructure
Specific bathroom designs continue to prioritize one gender, sometimes due to oversight in addressing equitable needs, though more frequently, this is influenced by specific demographic or operational considerations. In some cases, owners or designers may intentionally adjust restroom ratios to reflect user patterns; for example, a female-majority shopping area might benefit from a higher ratio of women's facilities to better meet actual demand rather than adhering to a uniform restroom distribution. Similarly, areas with predominately male visitors or employees may inform a more male-oriented restroom layout.
In one recent example, a renovation of the Hunan Street Public Service Station by Steamarch, the designers recognized that the existing infrastructure didn't fully address contemporary expectations for gender balance. The design revision incorporated changes in both spatial arrangements and fixture counts. These adjustments, along with reorienting elements like entryways and landscape features, created a more balanced distribution of floor area and facilities between male and female users, addressing the needs of both genders more equitably. As urban infrastructure evolves and renovates, architects are increasingly mindful of adapting public amenities to reflect these shifts, even while "true" restroom gender equity remains challenging to define.
山顶休息空间
The Rest Space at the Top of Mt.Rokko / ofa
Image © Shigeo Ogawa
平面图 Floorplan. Image © ofa
森林里的公共卫生间
Circle of Forest and People Public Restroom / Yamashita Sekkei
Image © Yashiro Photo Office
平面图 Floorplan. Image © Yamashita Sekkei
湖南街公共服务站
Hunan Street Public Service Station / Steamarch
Image © XiaoXiao
新平面图 New Floorplan. Image © Steamarch
平面图 Floorplan. Image
时间的隐性影响：实现公共卫生间性别公平的关键因素
在探讨城市基础设施的平等性时，设计决策往往依赖于那些容易量化的指标来证明其合理性。然而，要在卫生间设计中实现真正的性别公平，远不止依靠简单的数字比较；例如，使用卫生间所需的时间这一关键因素，常常被忽略。研究表明，女性在卫生间中平均需要的时间通常更长——约为1分30秒，而男性的平均时间为1分钟。以一个包含5个隔间的卫生间为例，在15分钟内，大约有50名女性能够完成使用，而男性则可达到75人，这一差距显然造成了使用效率上的不平等。由此，我们不禁要问：如何通过更好的设计来解决女性卫生间前往往出现的更长排队问题？尽管可能没有单一的设计方法可以完全解决卫生间所有公平性问题，但定期审视设施数量、空间分配和用户便利性是十分必要的。通过这样的不断优化，卫生间设计才能逐步更包容地满足多样化的需求，减少排队时间，提升使用体验。
The Hidden Impact of Time in Achieving Gender Equity in Public Restrooms
In addressing equality in urban infrastructures, the underlying motivation appears rooted in achieving easily quantifiable equality, justifying design decisions. However, creating genuine gender equity in restroom design involves more than simple metrics; other factors, such as time spent in facilities, are often overlooked. Studies show that women typically require more time in restrooms—averaging 1 minute 30 seconds compared to men's 1 minute. In a five-stall restroom, this difference means that in 15 minutes, approximately 50 women could use the restroom compared to 75 men, creating a notable disparity. How can we design better to address the often imbalanced waiting times for public bathrooms, frequently with a significantly longer queue for female stalls? While no single approach may fully address all aspects of restroom equity, regularly assessing fixture count, spatial allocation, and user convenience is crucial in evolving restroom design to more inclusively meet perse needs.
老街上的红砖卫生间 Red Brick Public Toilet on Liuba Old Street. Image © Yilong Zhao
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