设计单位  VIA维亚景观

项目地点  上海市浦东新区

建成时间  2024年5月

建筑面积  21平方米

本文文字由设计单位提供。

纸片屋是位于上海市浦东新区东波苑第六社区中的社区活动室，是VIA深耕浦东新区沪东新村街道社区更新工作中一个实验性的特殊设计案例。纸片屋的实验性在于在现行规范与诸多限制性要求的条件下，通过全过程居民参与式设计，将空间装置、造园思维与社区居民的日常生活链接在一起，同时也在持续探索正规建造与非正规建造在社区更新中有益结合的可能性与方式。

The PAPER house is a community house located in Dongbo yuan, a residential compound in Hudong Sub-district. VIASCAPE has been working on urban regeneration projects in this area for years, while the PAPER house appears to be a unique experimental case among all VIASCAPE’s practices. This pioneering project targets at a compatibility of design regulations and site restrictions through full-term public participation, with which spatial installation, and design thoughts could be weaved into residents’ daily lives. We also continually try to exploit a possible way of combining formal and informal construction with more common benefits.

▲纸片屋现场搭建过程  ©VIA维亚景观

01

缘起：风雨飘摇的社区活动室

Start from a Dilapidated Community House

东波苑第六社区建于2000年，是在原张桥镇新建村村民聚居地原址上，原拆原建的回迁房小区，小区居民基本上以具有血缘、亲缘、宗族关系的原村民构成。由于居民在小区内公共生活的需求增加，在2010年前后居民自发开始对小区内唯一的木亭进行功能性改造，将其改为用于棋牌类益智活动的社区活动室。为遮风避雨，居民又将一些自用废弃的家具用品结合木亭立柱固定，形成了简易的“围护结构”。

Dongbo Yuan (6th phase), initially built in 2000, is a relocated compound majorly owned by its original villagers of Zhangqiao town. The residents are mostly related by blood or marriage. To meet the growing needs of social life, the residents spontaneously began refurbishing the only timber pavilion here regarding its function as a community house for card and chess playing. Some redundant furniture is collected and reshaped，tied with wooden columns of the original pavilion to form simple external screens.

随着参与社区活动人群的增加，居民后又对该空间进行了自发的扩建，最终形成了总占地20平方米左右的独立的2间活动室（1间为半开敞式、1间为封闭式），又在实际使用中逐步形成了男性居民与女性居民在空间使用上的分型。

With more people getting involved, the total space was expanded to 20 sqm with a semi-closed room and an enclosed room for males and females respectively.

这样的使用场景无疑是富有生活气息的，但木亭的主体结构在居民多次非正规搭建、加建与长时间使用后，出现多处破损，并危及结构安全，同时也令小区公共空间环境品质受到了负面影响。基于安全隐患与私搭乱建的历史遗留问题，在2023年年中，沪东新村街道委托我们对此处进行改造设计。

This scenario of how users occupy the space is doubtlessly lively. However, the structure also has multiple safety issues resulting from years of illegal construction, expansion, and long-term wear and tear. In mid-2023, Hudong sub-district office therefore contacted us to carry out a renewal design for it.

02

破题：薄如纸片的空间装置搭建

Design the Paper House as a Spatial Installation

项目占地极小，原活动室与相邻休憩场地的占地总和不过60平方米，场地中的5棵大雪松又限制了空间利用的自由度。于是我们决定采用极小的平面模块（1.5米×1.5米）进行空间组合，将室外场地、通道、活动室内部空间、雨棚灰空间、大树树穴等诸多空间要素组织在一起，形成连贯的、流动的游憩体验。这一设计让改造前各自为政的社区活动室与室外活动场地成为空间上的整体，让居民以游园的方式使用此处公共空间，获得基于整体空间结构营造的“景到随机”^[1]。

The site is extremely small, with a total interior and exterior space adding up to 60 SQM. 5 established cedar trees sit sporadically in the site, which makes the space more fragmented. In this context, we applied 1.5x1.5m spatial module to form various grouped spaces. Elements such as outdoor space, passage, interior space, grey space under the canopy, and tree pits are integrated to form a continuous and flowy spatial experience and to merge the externals and internals. In this way, the residents can experience the space with a brand-new way of “touring” rather than “using”, in which Views Given by Chances¹ are created from the general spatial structure.

在空间建构上，我们放弃传统常规建造中的梁、柱、板、墙的结构关系，选用30毫米厚的钢板作为社区活动室的唯一主体结构材料，以空间装置的方式进行设计与搭建，形成开放式的融入小区绿化的整体景观。在极小的空间与场地的条件下，为居民活动争取最大的实际可用空间，也最大限度降低了对现状大树树根可能造成的危害。于是，我们将远看似用纸片搭接、拼贴的空间装置命名为“纸片屋”。纸片屋的钢板完全由工厂预制，现场搭建仅用时2周，大大降低了项目建设对小区居民可能存在的干扰。

We did not follow the traditional building structure consisting of beam-column, slab, and wall when considering the way of spatial construction. Instead, a 30mm-thick steel sheet is adopted as the only structural material in this project. The whole structure is “installed” rather than “built” with an open boundary that could be seamlessly merged into the surrounding landscaping. Concerning the limited site size and the spatial interference from the existing tree roots, we tried to maximize the functional space with assembled steel sheets like a card tower, this officially gives this project the name of “the PAPER house”. All steel sheets were prefabricated, allowing the total site work to take only 2 weeks. This also to a large extent reduces the possible disturbance for residents.

为延续居民的使用习惯，纸片屋主体由2个相对独立又连通的“有性别”半室内活动室构成。于是，我们与业主、居委会共同策划，由小区居民通过民主过程分别选定男性活动室与女性活动室的内部色彩。这不仅是纸片屋设计营造过程中公众参与的一个表征，也加强了使用者与空间的情感链接，从空间装置创作的角度看，则是实现了纸片屋在“场地+材料+情感”^[2]三要素上的闭环。

To keep the current way of how space functions, the PAPER house designed two independent but connected functional rooms for two gender groups. Two interior color themes were also defined by the residents through a public participation process with guidance from the community board and VIASCAPE design team. This process gave birth to a strong emotional connection between the users there and the PAPER house. And it also made the PAPER house achieve an integrity of the “site”, the “material” and the “emotion” as a spatial installation creation. ²

03

被动成为纸片屋：一个关于居民参与的故事

an Unexpected Public Participation Story

事实上，我们最早的改造设计方案并不是现在的纸片屋。考虑到现状场地中大树密植，原方案从场地利用合理性与大树保护角度出发，首先将带有半室内功能的主体空间布置在大树北侧，同时利用大树周边场地组织室外休憩空间，并以“院”与“园”结合的方式将主体功能空间与室外休憩空间联为一个整体。经过2轮居民方案听证会听取多数居民意见，在完成局部方案优化、施工图深化及相关流程手续后，施工单位于2023年9月中旬进场放线、搭设围挡。此时，有一位住在相邻楼栋一楼的居民以“原方案向北拓展过多”“妨碍其在卫生间小窗向外看夕阳”为由强烈反对施工推进。

Actually, the very first design scheme is quite different from the current PAPER house. The main Semi-open functional space was placed to the north of the existing trees, while the space under the tree shades was planned as a recreational area. This layout concerns a reasonable space arrangement and tree protection. A combination of “courtyard” and “garden” would then tie indoor functional space and outdoor recreational space together. Having gone through two rounds of hearings, construction started in mid-September, 2023 after design revisions, tender documents production, and other related administrative procedures. An objection was raised shortly after the construction process started by one resident who lived in the 1^st floor, claiming an overly expanded functional area to the north, which blocked the sunset view from his tiny bathroom window.

在社区居委干部、社工与其多次沟通无果后，我们主动与该居民进行了两次现场交流，并明确其需求为“改造后的活动室主体空间不宜大于改造前占地范围”。于是，我们不得不放弃原方案，转向研究如何在现状大树下方，用最轻薄的结构形式获得最大的空间使用可能与最小的环境影响。最终，我们以“纸片屋”方案获得了该居民的认可与其他小区居民代表的支持，令项目得以顺利进行。

After the community board communicated with the complainant in vain, we actively conducted a second communication session on-site and reached a compromise, in which a “no larger floor area space than the previous one” was allowed. In this context, we have to abandon the former design, and turn to another resolution, in which a low-impact thin structure under the existing tree canopy is employed to gain maximal functional space. Eventually, “the PAPER house” scheme won support from most residents and became the final built one.

从另一个角度，正是由于业主、居委、设计团队都支持与尊重每个居民的不同声音，以“权力委任”（Delegated Power）^[3]的方式将决策权让渡给居民，在社区更新实践中达成了在地居民的“实质性参与”（Degrees of Citizen Power）^[3]。也正是因为这个参与性过程，纸片屋成为我们迄今为止在沪东新村街道的诸多社区更新设计中最具实验性的创作。

From the other perspective, it is this process that the community board and VIASCAPE design team listened and respected the voices of every single user, then finally achieves a Delegated Power³ method, and maximize the Degrees of Citizen Power³. It is also because of this public participation process that makes “the PAPER house” a most experimental project in the collection of VIASCAPE’s design practice in Hudong Sub-district.

04

展望：非正规建造介入的可能与方式

Change Informal Construction into Community-Building Activities

2024年5月，纸片屋在完成最后的标识安装、灯光调试、软装匹配、绿化修剪后，正式面向使用者开放，受到了居民们的一致好评。同时，居民们又从实际使用的角度提出，希望可以在冬季对主体空间进行适当封闭，以满足基本保温需求。而这却是我们从景观构筑物或者空间装置的定位出发，在建造阶段无法提供的。当正规建造过程无法满足一些实际需求时，往往就会激发“非正规建造”^[4]过程的发生。

The PAPER house was open to the public in May of 2024 after the installation of signage, lighting, furniture, and tree manicuring. The project is well received by the users. Meanwhile, suggestions related to practical use were raised, hoping to enclose the structure in winter to keep indoor warm. However, this requirement can hardly be met as this project was initially merely positioned as a “landscape structure” rather than a “building”. In this context, the “informal construction” pathway might be triggered.

我们知道东波苑第六社区较大比例的居民是具有血缘、亲缘、宗族关系的，这样的特征往往令此地居民会比一般社区居民具有更强的，基于使用需求的一致性行为可能，比如10多年前基于木亭的活动室搭建、扩建。因此，我们建议结合恰当的契机，以社区营造活动的形式，在街道相关部门指导下，由居委牵头、设计团队引导，组织相关居民群体自己动手，使用安全的材料、临时性的方式、不改变纸片屋作为开放空间性质的手段进行冬季保暖措施的实现。

It is known to us that Dongbo yuan (6th phase) is tightly connected through the familial bond of residents. This will result in the desire for functional space based on convergent behavior. The unauthorized renovation and expansion based on the wooden pavilion 10 years ago is an example. We proposed to apply the method of community-building guided by the community board and design team. Safe materials are suggested to be used to build a detachable insulation screen by residents’ own hands to keep warm in wintertime with the PAPER house itself still functioning as an open space.

在这里，我们和业主乐于尝试与希望见到的是：通过合理的方式，将基于居民需求的非正规建造过程，引导为社区营造、社区治理的活动，让社区更新的共建、共治、共享在纸片屋的营造使用中呈现得更完整。纸片屋的建成使用不仅是更新项目的完成，更是基于纸片屋的社区公共生活发生、社区治理与社区营造活动的起点。

What we are willing to try to see is to guide the informal construction based on users’ reasonable needs and make it a part of community building and governance. This will place the last piece of the puzzle in the game of community building, governance, and sharing. The opening of the PAPER house is not only a completion of a renewal project, but more a starting point to activate more social activities, community building, and community governance as well.

设计图纸  ▽

注释：

[1] 见 [明]计成《园冶》。

[2] 装置艺术最早出现在20世纪70年代，并逐步成为当代艺术的主要呈现方式之一，一般认为装置艺术的实质是“场地+材料+情感”的综合艺术。

[3] Arnstein. S.R., A. Ladder of Citizen Participation, Journal of American Institute of Planners, Vol. 35, No.4, July 1969. 216-224.

[4]“非正规建造”“非正规性”近年来成为国内城市更新、社区更新研究的重要议题，旨在研究居民在社区空间中进行非正规建造的动因、方式、过程以及相关的政策与制度变迁。我们在纸片屋的实践与研究中则更关注是否存在将基于公共空间实际需求的居民非正规建造动机引导为依法合规的社区营造活动的机会与方式。

完整项目信息

项目名称：纸片屋（东波苑第六社区活动室及社区花园）

设计单位：VIA维亚景观

主持设计师：孙轶家

设计团队：孙轶家、马丽、吉文山、顾沁祎、张亮、陈露、计雨薇

设计时间：2023年10月

建成时间：2024年5月

建筑面积：21平方米

景观面积：37平方米

项目主材：钢板、陶土砖

项目地址：上海市浦东新区东波苑第六社区内

业主单位：上海市浦东新区沪东新村街道办事处

代建单位：上海社发浦众建设管理有限公司

施工单位：上海东融建设工程有限公司

照明顾问：OUI light

VI设计：VIA维亚景观

标识字体授权：锐字潮牌字库

标识制作安装：宾酷文化

施工图协作：上海东大建筑设计研究院（集团）有限公司

摄影师：CreatAR Images、孙轶家

撰文：孙轶家

图纸绘制：计雨薇

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